[8833] | 1 | This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the input |
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| 2 | file gcc.texi. |
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| 3 | |
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| 4 | This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. |
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| 5 | |
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| 6 | Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 |
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| 7 | Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA |
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| 8 | |
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| 9 | Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software |
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| 10 | Foundation, Inc. |
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| 11 | |
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| 12 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
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| 13 | manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are |
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| 14 | preserved on all copies. |
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| 15 | |
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| 16 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of |
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| 17 | this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also |
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| 18 | that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for |
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| 19 | Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are |
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| 20 | included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire |
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| 21 | resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission |
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| 22 | notice identical to this one. |
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| 23 | |
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| 24 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
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| 25 | manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified |
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| 26 | versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public |
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| 27 | License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight |
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| 28 | `Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in |
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| 29 | translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the |
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| 30 | original English. |
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| 31 | |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | File: gcc.info, Node: Installation, Next: C Extensions, Prev: Invoking GCC, Up: Top |
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| 34 | |
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| 35 | Installing GNU CC |
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| 36 | ***************** |
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| 37 | |
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| 38 | * Menu: |
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| 39 | |
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| 40 | * Configurations:: Configurations Supported by GNU CC. |
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| 41 | * Other Dir:: Compiling in a separate directory (not where the source is). |
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| 42 | * Cross-Compiler:: Building and installing a cross-compiler. |
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| 43 | * Sun Install:: See below for installation on the Sun. |
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| 44 | * VMS Install:: See below for installation on VMS. |
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| 45 | * Collect2:: How `collect2' works; how it finds `ld'. |
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| 46 | * Header Dirs:: Understanding the standard header file directories. |
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| 47 | |
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| 48 | Here is the procedure for installing GNU CC on a Unix system. See |
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| 49 | *Note VMS Install::, for VMS systems. In this section we assume you |
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| 50 | compile in the same directory that contains the source files; see *Note |
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| 51 | Other Dir::, to find out how to compile in a separate directory on Unix |
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| 52 | systems. |
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| 53 | |
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| 54 | You cannot install GNU C by itself on MSDOS; it will not compile |
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| 55 | under any MSDOS compiler except itself. You need to get the complete |
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| 56 | compilation package DJGPP, which includes binaries as well as sources, |
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| 57 | and includes all the necessary compilation tools and libraries. |
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| 58 | |
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| 59 | 1. If you have built GNU CC previously in the same directory for a |
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| 60 | different target machine, do `make distclean' to delete all files |
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| 61 | that might be invalid. One of the files this deletes is |
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| 62 | `Makefile'; if `make distclean' complains that `Makefile' does not |
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| 63 | exist, it probably means that the directory is already suitably |
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| 64 | clean. |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | 2. On a System V release 4 system, make sure `/usr/bin' precedes |
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| 67 | `/usr/ucb' in `PATH'. The `cc' command in `/usr/ucb' uses |
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| 68 | libraries which have bugs. |
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| 69 | |
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| 70 | 3. Specify the host, build and target machine configurations. You do |
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| 71 | this by running the file `configure'. |
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| 72 | |
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| 73 | The "build" machine is the system which you are using, the "host" |
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| 74 | machine is the system where you want to run the resulting compiler |
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| 75 | (normally the build machine), and the "target" machine is the |
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| 76 | system for which you want the compiler to generate code. |
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| 77 | |
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| 78 | If you are building a compiler to produce code for the machine it |
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| 79 | runs on (a native compiler), you normally do not need to specify |
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| 80 | any operands to `configure'; it will try to guess the type of |
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| 81 | machine you are on and use that as the build, host and target |
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| 82 | machines. So you don't need to specify a configuration when |
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| 83 | building a native compiler unless `configure' cannot figure out |
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| 84 | what your configuration is or guesses wrong. |
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| 85 | |
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| 86 | In those cases, specify the build machine's "configuration name" |
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| 87 | with the `--build' option; the host and target will default to be |
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| 88 | the same as the build machine. (If you are building a |
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| 89 | cross-compiler, see *Note Cross-Compiler::.) |
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| 90 | |
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| 91 | Here is an example: |
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| 92 | |
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| 93 | ./configure --build=sparc-sun-sunos4.1 |
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| 94 | |
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| 95 | A configuration name may be canonical or it may be more or less |
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| 96 | abbreviated. |
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| 97 | |
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| 98 | A canonical configuration name has three parts, separated by |
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| 99 | dashes. It looks like this: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'. (The three |
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| 100 | parts may themselves contain dashes; `configure' can figure out |
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| 101 | which dashes serve which purpose.) For example, |
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| 102 | `m68k-sun-sunos4.1' specifies a Sun 3. |
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| 103 | |
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| 104 | You can also replace parts of the configuration by nicknames or |
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| 105 | aliases. For example, `sun3' stands for `m68k-sun', so |
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| 106 | `sun3-sunos4.1' is another way to specify a Sun 3. You can also |
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| 107 | use simply `sun3-sunos', since the version of SunOS is assumed by |
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| 108 | default to be version 4. `sun3-bsd' also works, since `configure' |
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| 109 | knows that the only BSD variant on a Sun 3 is SunOS. |
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| 110 | |
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| 111 | You can specify a version number after any of the system types, |
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| 112 | and some of the CPU types. In most cases, the version is |
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| 113 | irrelevant, and will be ignored. So you might as well specify the |
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| 114 | version if you know it. |
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| 115 | |
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| 116 | See *Note Configurations::, for a list of supported configuration |
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| 117 | names and notes on many of the configurations. You should check |
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| 118 | the notes in that section before proceeding any further with the |
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| 119 | installation of GNU CC. |
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| 120 | |
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| 121 | There are four additional options you can specify independently to |
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| 122 | describe variant hardware and software configurations. These are |
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| 123 | `--with-gnu-as', `--with-gnu-ld', `--with-stabs' and `--nfp'. |
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| 124 | |
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| 125 | `--with-gnu-as' |
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| 126 | If you will use GNU CC with the GNU assembler (GAS), you |
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| 127 | should declare this by using the `--with-gnu-as' option when |
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| 128 | you run `configure'. |
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| 129 | |
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| 130 | Using this option does not install GAS. It only modifies the |
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| 131 | output of GNU CC to work with GAS. Building and installing |
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| 132 | GAS is up to you. |
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| 133 | |
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| 134 | Conversely, if you *do not* wish to use GAS and do not specify |
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| 135 | `--with-gnu-as' when building GNU CC, it is up to you to make |
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| 136 | sure that GAS is not installed. GNU CC searches for a |
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| 137 | program named `as' in various directories; if the program it |
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| 138 | finds is GAS, then it runs GAS. If you are not sure where |
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| 139 | GNU CC finds the assembler it is using, try specifying `-v' |
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| 140 | when you run it. |
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| 141 | |
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| 142 | The systems where it makes a difference whether you use GAS |
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| 143 | are |
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| 144 | `hppa1.0-ANY-ANY', `hppa1.1-ANY-ANY', `i386-ANY-sysv', |
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| 145 | `i386-ANY-isc', |
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| 146 | `i860-ANY-bsd', `m68k-bull-sysv', `m68k-hp-hpux', |
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| 147 | `m68k-sony-bsd', |
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| 148 | `m68k-altos-sysv', `m68000-hp-hpux', `m68000-att-sysv', |
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| 149 | `ANY-lynx-lynxos', and `mips-ANY'). On any other system, |
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| 150 | `--with-gnu-as' has no effect. |
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| 151 | |
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| 152 | On the systems listed above (except for the HP-PA, for ISC on |
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| 153 | the 386, and for `mips-sgi-irix5.*'), if you use GAS, you |
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| 154 | should also use the GNU linker (and specify `--with-gnu-ld'). |
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| 155 | |
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| 156 | `--with-gnu-ld' |
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| 157 | Specify the option `--with-gnu-ld' if you plan to use the GNU |
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| 158 | linker with GNU CC. |
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| 159 | |
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| 160 | This option does not cause the GNU linker to be installed; it |
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| 161 | just modifies the behavior of GNU CC to work with the GNU |
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| 162 | linker. Specifically, it inhibits the installation of |
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| 163 | `collect2', a program which otherwise serves as a front-end |
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| 164 | for the system's linker on most configurations. |
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| 165 | |
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| 166 | `--with-stabs' |
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| 167 | On MIPS based systems and on Alphas, you must specify whether |
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| 168 | you want GNU CC to create the normal ECOFF debugging format, |
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| 169 | or to use BSD-style stabs passed through the ECOFF symbol |
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| 170 | table. The normal ECOFF debug format cannot fully handle |
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| 171 | languages other than C. BSD stabs format can handle other |
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| 172 | languages, but it only works with the GNU debugger GDB. |
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| 173 | |
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| 174 | Normally, GNU CC uses the ECOFF debugging format by default; |
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| 175 | if you prefer BSD stabs, specify `--with-stabs' when you |
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| 176 | configure GNU CC. |
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| 177 | |
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| 178 | No matter which default you choose when you configure GNU CC, |
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| 179 | the user can use the `-gcoff' and `-gstabs+' options to |
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| 180 | specify explicitly the debug format for a particular |
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| 181 | compilation. |
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| 182 | |
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| 183 | `--with-stabs' is meaningful on the ISC system on the 386, |
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| 184 | also, if `--with-gas' is used. It selects use of stabs |
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| 185 | debugging information embedded in COFF output. This kind of |
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| 186 | debugging information supports C++ well; ordinary COFF |
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| 187 | debugging information does not. |
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| 188 | |
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| 189 | `--with-stabs' is also meaningful on 386 systems running |
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| 190 | SVR4. It selects use of stabs debugging information embedded |
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| 191 | in ELF output. The C++ compiler currently (2.6.0) does not |
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| 192 | support the DWARF debugging information normally used on 386 |
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| 193 | SVR4 platforms; stabs provide a workable alternative. This |
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| 194 | requires gas and gdb, as the normal SVR4 tools can not |
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| 195 | generate or interpret stabs. |
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| 196 | |
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| 197 | `--nfp' |
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| 198 | On certain systems, you must specify whether the machine has |
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| 199 | a floating point unit. These systems include |
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| 200 | `m68k-sun-sunosN' and `m68k-isi-bsd'. On any other system, |
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| 201 | `--nfp' currently has no effect, though perhaps there are |
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| 202 | other systems where it could usefully make a difference. |
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| 203 | |
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| 204 | The `configure' script searches subdirectories of the source |
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| 205 | directory for other compilers that are to be integrated into GNU |
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| 206 | CC. The GNU compiler for C++, called G++ is in a subdirectory |
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| 207 | named `cp'. `configure' inserts rules into `Makefile' to build |
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| 208 | all of those compilers. |
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| 209 | |
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| 210 | Here we spell out what files will be set up by `configure'. |
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| 211 | Normally you need not be concerned with these files. |
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| 212 | |
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| 213 | * A file named `config.h' is created that contains a `#include' |
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| 214 | of the top-level config file for the machine you will run the |
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| 215 | compiler on (*note Config::.). This file is responsible for |
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| 216 | defining information about the host machine. It includes |
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| 217 | `tm.h'. |
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| 218 | |
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| 219 | The top-level config file is located in the subdirectory |
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| 220 | `config'. Its name is always `xm-SOMETHING.h'; usually |
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| 221 | `xm-MACHINE.h', but there are some exceptions. |
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| 222 | |
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| 223 | If your system does not support symbolic links, you might |
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| 224 | want to set up `config.h' to contain a `#include' command |
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| 225 | which refers to the appropriate file. |
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| 226 | |
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| 227 | * A file named `tconfig.h' is created which includes the |
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| 228 | top-level config file for your target machine. This is used |
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| 229 | for compiling certain programs to run on that machine. |
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| 230 | |
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| 231 | * A file named `tm.h' is created which includes the |
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| 232 | machine-description macro file for your target machine. It |
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| 233 | should be in the subdirectory `config' and its name is often |
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| 234 | `MACHINE.h'. |
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| 235 | |
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| 236 | * The command file `configure' also constructs the file |
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| 237 | `Makefile' by adding some text to the template file |
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| 238 | `Makefile.in'. The additional text comes from files in the |
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| 239 | `config' directory, named `t-TARGET' and `x-HOST'. If these |
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| 240 | files do not exist, it means nothing needs to be added for a |
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| 241 | given target or host. |
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| 242 | |
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| 243 | 4. The standard directory for installing GNU CC is `/usr/local/lib'. |
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| 244 | If you want to install its files somewhere else, specify |
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| 245 | `--prefix=DIR' when you run `configure'. Here DIR is a directory |
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| 246 | name to use instead of `/usr/local' for all purposes with one |
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| 247 | exception: the directory `/usr/local/include' is searched for |
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| 248 | header files no matter where you install the compiler. To override |
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| 249 | this name, use the `--local-prefix' option below. |
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| 250 | |
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| 251 | 5. Specify `--local-prefix=DIR' if you want the compiler to search |
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| 252 | directory `DIR/include' for locally installed header files |
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| 253 | *instead* of `/usr/local/include'. |
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| 254 | |
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| 255 | You should specify `--local-prefix' *only* if your site has a |
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| 256 | different convention (not `/usr/local') for where to put |
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| 257 | site-specific files. |
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| 258 | |
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| 259 | *Do not* specify `/usr' as the `--local-prefix'! The directory |
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| 260 | you use for `--local-prefix' *must not* contain any of the |
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| 261 | system's standard header files. If it did contain them, certain |
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| 262 | programs would be miscompiled (including GNU Emacs, on certain |
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| 263 | targets), because this would override and nullify the header file |
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| 264 | corrections made by the `fixincludes' script. |
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| 265 | |
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| 266 | 6. Make sure the Bison parser generator is installed. (This is |
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| 267 | unnecessary if the Bison output files `c-parse.c' and `cexp.c' are |
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| 268 | more recent than `c-parse.y' and `cexp.y' and you do not plan to |
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| 269 | change the `.y' files.) |
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| 270 | |
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| 271 | Bison versions older than Sept 8, 1988 will produce incorrect |
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| 272 | output for `c-parse.c'. |
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| 273 | |
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| 274 | 7. If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other |
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| 275 | GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard |
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| 276 | system tools, install the required tools in the build directory |
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| 277 | under the names `as', `ld' or whatever is appropriate. This will |
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| 278 | enable the compiler to find the proper tools for compilation of |
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| 279 | the program `enquire'. |
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| 280 | |
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| 281 | Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of |
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| 282 | the `PATH' environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools |
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| 283 | come before the standard system tools. |
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| 284 | |
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| 285 | 8. Build the compiler. Just type `make LANGUAGES=c' in the compiler |
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| 286 | directory. |
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| 287 | |
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| 288 | `LANGUAGES=c' specifies that only the C compiler should be |
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| 289 | compiled. The makefile normally builds compilers for all the |
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| 290 | supported languages; currently, C, C++ and Objective C. However, |
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| 291 | C is the only language that is sure to work when you build with |
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| 292 | other non-GNU C compilers. In addition, building anything but C |
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| 293 | at this stage is a waste of time. |
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| 294 | |
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| 295 | In general, you can specify the languages to build by typing the |
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| 296 | argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"', where LIST is one or more words from |
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| 297 | the list `c', `c++', and `objective-c'. If you have any |
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| 298 | additional GNU compilers as subdirectories of the GNU CC source |
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| 299 | directory, you may also specify their names in this list. |
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| 300 | |
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| 301 | Ignore any warnings you may see about "statement not reached" in |
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| 302 | `insn-emit.c'; they are normal. Also, warnings about "unknown |
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| 303 | escape sequence" are normal in `genopinit.c' and perhaps some |
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| 304 | other files. Likewise, you should ignore warnings about "constant |
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| 305 | is so large that it is unsigned" in `insn-emit.c' and |
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| 306 | `insn-recog.c' and a warning about a comparison always being zero |
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| 307 | in `enquire.o'. Any other compilation errors may represent bugs in |
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| 308 | the port to your machine or operating system, and should be |
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| 309 | investigated and reported (*note Bugs::.). |
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| 310 | |
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| 311 | Some commercial compilers fail to compile GNU CC because they have |
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| 312 | bugs or limitations. For example, the Microsoft compiler is said |
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| 313 | to run out of macro space. Some Ultrix compilers run out of |
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| 314 | expression space; then you need to break up the statement where |
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| 315 | the problem happens. |
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| 316 | |
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| 317 | 9. If you are building a cross-compiler, stop here. *Note |
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| 318 | Cross-Compiler::. |
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| 319 | |
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| 320 | 10. Move the first-stage object files and executables into a |
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| 321 | subdirectory with this command: |
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| 322 | |
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| 323 | make stage1 |
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| 324 | |
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| 325 | The files are moved into a subdirectory named `stage1'. Once |
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| 326 | installation is complete, you may wish to delete these files with |
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| 327 | `rm -r stage1'. |
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| 328 | |
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| 329 | 11. If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other |
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| 330 | GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard |
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| 331 | system tools, install the required tools in the `stage1' |
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| 332 | subdirectory under the names `as', `ld' or whatever is |
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| 333 | appropriate. This will enable the stage 1 compiler to find the |
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| 334 | proper tools in the following stage. |
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| 335 | |
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| 336 | Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of |
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| 337 | the `PATH' environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools |
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| 338 | come before the standard system tools. |
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| 339 | |
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| 340 | 12. Recompile the compiler with itself, with this command: |
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| 341 | |
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| 342 | make CC="stage1/xgcc -Bstage1/" CFLAGS="-g -O2" |
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| 343 | |
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| 344 | This is called making the stage 2 compiler. |
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| 345 | |
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| 346 | The command shown above builds compilers for all the supported |
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| 347 | languages. If you don't want them all, you can specify the |
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| 348 | languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"'. LIST |
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| 349 | should contain one or more words from the list `c', `c++', |
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| 350 | `objective-c', and `proto'. Separate the words with spaces. |
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| 351 | `proto' stands for the programs `protoize' and `unprotoize'; they |
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| 352 | are not a separate language, but you use `LANGUAGES' to enable or |
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| 353 | disable their installation. |
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| 354 | |
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| 355 | If you are going to build the stage 3 compiler, then you might |
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| 356 | want to build only the C language in stage 2. |
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| 357 | |
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| 358 | Once you have built the stage 2 compiler, if you are short of disk |
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| 359 | space, you can delete the subdirectory `stage1'. |
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| 360 | |
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| 361 | On a 68000 or 68020 system lacking floating point hardware, unless |
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| 362 | you have selected a `tm.h' file that expects by default that there |
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| 363 | is no such hardware, do this instead: |
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| 364 | |
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| 365 | make CC="stage1/xgcc -Bstage1/" CFLAGS="-g -O2 -msoft-float" |
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| 366 | |
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| 367 | 13. If you wish to test the compiler by compiling it with itself one |
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| 368 | more time, install any other necessary GNU tools (such as GAS or |
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| 369 | the GNU linker) in the `stage2' subdirectory as you did in the |
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| 370 | `stage1' subdirectory, then do this: |
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| 371 | |
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| 372 | make stage2 |
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| 373 | make CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O2" |
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| 374 | |
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| 375 | This is called making the stage 3 compiler. Aside from the `-B' |
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| 376 | option, the compiler options should be the same as when you made |
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| 377 | the stage 2 compiler. But the `LANGUAGES' option need not be the |
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| 378 | same. The command shown above builds compilers for all the |
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| 379 | supported languages; if you don't want them all, you can specify |
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| 380 | the languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"', |
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| 381 | as described above. |
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| 382 | |
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| 383 | If you do not have to install any additional GNU tools, you may |
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| 384 | use the command |
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| 385 | |
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| 386 | make bootstrap LANGUAGES=LANGUAGE-LIST BOOT_CFLAGS=OPTION-LIST |
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| 387 | |
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| 388 | instead of making `stage1', `stage2', and performing the two |
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| 389 | compiler builds. |
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| 390 | |
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| 391 | 14. Then compare the latest object files with the stage 2 object |
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| 392 | files--they ought to be identical, aside from time stamps (if any). |
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| 393 | |
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| 394 | On some systems, meaningful comparison of object files is |
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| 395 | impossible; they always appear "different." This is currently |
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| 396 | true on Solaris and some systems that use ELF object file format. |
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| 397 | On some versions of Irix on SGI machines and DEC Unix (OSF/1) on |
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| 398 | Alpha systems, you will not be able to compare the files without |
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| 399 | specifying `-save-temps'; see the description of individual |
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| 400 | systems above to see if you get comparison failures. You may have |
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| 401 | similar problems on other systems. |
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| 402 | |
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| 403 | Use this command to compare the files: |
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| 404 | |
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| 405 | make compare |
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| 406 | |
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| 407 | This will mention any object files that differ between stage 2 and |
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| 408 | stage 3. Any difference, no matter how innocuous, indicates that |
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| 409 | the stage 2 compiler has compiled GNU CC incorrectly, and is |
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| 410 | therefore a potentially serious bug which you should investigate |
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| 411 | and report (*note Bugs::.). |
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| 412 | |
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| 413 | If your system does not put time stamps in the object files, then |
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| 414 | this is a faster way to compare them (using the Bourne shell): |
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| 415 | |
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| 416 | for file in *.o; do |
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| 417 | cmp $file stage2/$file |
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| 418 | done |
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| 419 | |
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| 420 | If you have built the compiler with the `-mno-mips-tfile' option on |
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| 421 | MIPS machines, you will not be able to compare the files. |
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| 422 | |
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| 423 | 15. Install the compiler driver, the compiler's passes and run-time |
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| 424 | support with `make install'. Use the same value for `CC', |
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| 425 | `CFLAGS' and `LANGUAGES' that you used when compiling the files |
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| 426 | that are being installed. One reason this is necessary is that |
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| 427 | some versions of Make have bugs and recompile files gratuitously |
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| 428 | when you do this step. If you use the same variable values, those |
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| 429 | files will be recompiled properly. |
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| 430 | |
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| 431 | For example, if you have built the stage 2 compiler, you can use |
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| 432 | the following command: |
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| 433 | |
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| 434 | make install CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O" LANGUAGES="LIST" |
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| 435 | |
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| 436 | This copies the files `cc1', `cpp' and `libgcc.a' to files `cc1', |
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| 437 | `cpp' and `libgcc.a' in the directory |
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| 438 | `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION', which is where the |
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| 439 | compiler driver program looks for them. Here TARGET is the target |
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| 440 | machine type specified when you ran `configure', and VERSION is |
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| 441 | the version number of GNU CC. This naming scheme permits various |
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| 442 | versions and/or cross-compilers to coexist. |
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| 443 | |
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| 444 | This also copies the driver program `xgcc' into |
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| 445 | `/usr/local/bin/gcc', so that it appears in typical execution |
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| 446 | search paths. |
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| 447 | |
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| 448 | On some systems, this command causes recompilation of some files. |
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| 449 | This is usually due to bugs in `make'. You should either ignore |
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| 450 | this problem, or use GNU Make. |
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| 451 | |
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| 452 | *Warning: there is a bug in `alloca' in the Sun library. To avoid |
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| 453 | this bug, be sure to install the executables of GNU CC that were |
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| 454 | compiled by GNU CC. (That is, the executables from stage 2 or 3, |
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| 455 | not stage 1.) They use `alloca' as a built-in function and never |
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| 456 | the one in the library.* |
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| 457 | |
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| 458 | (It is usually better to install GNU CC executables from stage 2 |
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| 459 | or 3, since they usually run faster than the ones compiled with |
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| 460 | some other compiler.) |
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| 461 | |
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| 462 | 16. If you're going to use C++, it's likely that you need to also |
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| 463 | install the libg++ distribution. It should be available from the |
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| 464 | same place where you got the GNU C distribution. Just as GNU C |
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| 465 | does not distribute a C runtime library, it also does not include |
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| 466 | a C++ run-time library. All I/O functionality, special class |
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| 467 | libraries, etc., are available in the libg++ distribution. |
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| 468 | |
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